Unlike the people of the Late Archaic people, Early Woodland peoples generally did not travel long distances from their base camps. Middle Woodland Period - The Hopewell Culture The Middle Woodland period, which lasted from roughly 100 B.C. North America was a land of quite diversities from the east to the south. Such similarities could also be the result of reciprocal trade, obligations, or both between local clans that controlled specific territories. Another result of people not moving around as much was that the various bands did not see each other and share ideas as often, so styles of making pottery and tools became very distinct from region to region. Stone was used from nearby sources for making tools and tubular stone pipes first appeared during his period that were likely used for ritual and ceremonial smoking. Middle Woodland people still hunted, fished, and gathered wild foods, but they also spent increasing amounts of time tending their plots of maize, squash, and other plants. [1] The term "Woodland Period… Populations increased and settlements filled up the landscape, spreading northward up small streams. Neusius, Sarah W. and G. Timothy Gross (2014). Many aspects of daily life during this time were not much different from those of the preceding Archaic Period. Considered a developmental period, it involved tools made of bones and stone, making of textiles, shelter such as tents, and leather. Ceramics during this time were thinner and better quality than earlier times. These have come to be known as the Hopewell tradition. Adena Culture – 1000 BC to 1 AD. "Patterns of Wild Plant Utilization in the Prehistoric Eastern Woodlands". This archaeological designation is often mistakenly conflated with the eco-cultural delineation of the continent’s eastern culture areas: the term Eastern Woodland cultures refers to the early … Shellfish formed an important part of the diet, attested to by numerous shell middens along the coast and interior rivers. Some of these artifacts and materials were not local to the people such as copper from the Great Lakes area, mica from the southern Appalachians, and shells from the Gulf coast. Compiled by Kathy Weiser-Alexander, March 2020. The Woodland period is marked by the manufacture of ceramic vessels, construction of mounds, the rise and fall of a vast exchange network, unequal distribution of exotic raw materials and finished goods, and horticultural activity. And, in some regions, pottery predates the onset of Woodland cultures by over 1000 years. New York State Museum and Science Service Circular 40. At the same time, bow and arrow technology gradually overtook the use of the spear and atlatl, and agricultural production of the "Three Sisters" (maize, beans, and squash) was introduced. And these changes set the stage for the developments that would take place in the Mississippian period. We use cookies. The most conclusive evidence suggests that native copper was utilized to produce a wide variety of tools beginning in the Middle Archaic period circa 4,000 BC. In Paul E. Minnis, People and Plants in Ancient Eastern North America, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, Bruce D. Smith and Richard A. Yarnell (2009). In this unique volume, archaeologists examine the changing economic structure of trade in North America over a period of 6,000 years. Examples also show pottery also was more decorated than Early Woodland. A third possibility is a colder climate may have affected food yields, possibly affected by Northern Hemisphere extreme weather events of 535–536, also limiting trade possibilities. Early Woodland Period – 3000 BC to 200 BC. 106, no. Woodland period. Mound construction dates back to at least 3000 BC. More and more people used pottery for their containers in addition to baskets. Mississippian. Late Woodland Period – 500 to 1000 AD. C. Margaret Scarry (2003). Some groups in the north and northeast of the current United States, such as the Iroquois, retained a way of life that was technologically identical to the Late Woodland until the arrival of Europeans. Middle Woodland people in central and western Iowa retained the pattern of small, temporary settlements that had developed during the Archaic period. The Paleoindian Period refers to a time approximately 12,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age when humans first … As communities became more isolated, they began to develop in their own unique ways, giving rise to small-scale cultures that were distinctive to their regional areas. The Old Copper Complex, also known as the Old Copper Culture, refers to the items made by early inhabitants of the Great Lakes region during a period that spans several thousand years and covers several thousand square miles. Access to food or resources outside a clan's territory would be made possible through formal agreements with neighbors. The increasing use of horticulture and the development of the Eastern Agricultural Complex, consisting of weedy seed plants as well as gourd cultivation, also meant that groups became less mobile over time and, in some times and places, people lived in permanently occupied villages and cities. Alternatively, the efficiency of bows and arrows in hunting may have decimated the large game animals, forcing the tribes to break apart into smaller clans to better use local resources, thus limiting the trade potential of each group. Lastly, it may be that agricultural technology became sophisticated enough that crop variation between clans lessened, thereby decreasing the need for trade. The term “Woodland Period” was introduced in the 1930s as a generic term for prehistoric sites falling between the Archaic hunter-gatherers and the agriculturalist Mississippian cultures. Your email address will not be published. They were made by soft-hammering percussion, and finished by pressure flaking.[14]. The use of these divisions has diminished in most of North America … Throughout the Southeast and north of the Ohio River, burial mounds of important people were very elaborate and contained a variety of mortuary gifts, many of which were not local. In north-central Iowa, settlements were placed near the shores of natural lakes, where native … American Anthropologist 72(4):802–15. One of the major tools unique to this era was Snyders Points. The elaborate tombs are especially important because they indicate that the person buried there had a higher and/or special status. – A.D. 1000)", List of archaeological periods (North America), Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska, Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte Memorial Hospital, Pawnee Mission and Burnt Village Archeological Site, Little Maquoketa River Mounds State Preserve, University of Tennessee Agriculture Farm Mound, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woodland_period&oldid=998230384, 10th-century disestablishments in North America, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 4 January 2021, at 11:49. In the classification of Archaeological cultures of North America, the Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures spanned a period from roughly 1000 BC to European contact in the eastern part of North America, with some archaeologists distinguishing the Mississippian period, from AD 1000 to European contact as a separate period. But there were changes which definitely distinguish the Woodland era from the earlier period. The beginning of the Middle Woodland saw a shift of settlement to the Interior. 2000 B.C. Clan heads would then be buried along with goods received from their trading partners to symbolize the relationships they had established. Intensive cultivation of native food crops such as chenopodium, sunflowers, and gourds was widespread by 1000 BC. [8] This research indicated that a fiber-tempered horizon of ceramics greatly predates 1000 BCE, first appearing about 2500 BCE in parts of Florida with the Orange culture and in Georgia with the Stallings culture. The Havana style found in Illinois had a decorated neck. Paleoindian Period: 12,000-10,000 BC. This culture is believed to have been core to the Meadowood Interaction Sphere, in which cultures in the Great Lakes region, the St. Lawrence region, the Far Northeast, and the Atlantic region interacted. Important advances of the later Archaic period include earthworks at sites such as Poverty Point and Watson Brake (both in Louisiana), and the first pottery in the Americas, a fiber-tempered ware named after Stallings Island South Carolina were an important invention. Required fields are marked *. This was the last major prehistoric culture in North America prior to … Other items included projectile points, natural pigments like ocher, or a few special trade items. This was followed two thousand years later by North America's first sedentary town, at Poverty Point, Louisiana, unmatched in scale or integration even by most subsequent Woodland-period places (500 BC-AD 1050). "Seeking Our Past: An Introduction to North American Archaeology". Woodland Periods in North America. Early Woodland Period (1000–1 BCE) The archaeological record suggests that humans in the Eastern Woodlands of North America were collecting plants from the wild by 6,000 BCE and gradually modifying them by selective collection and cultivation. The pottery was sometimes traded with other groups. The Woodland period is divided into Early (3,000 to 2,200 years ago), Middle (2,200 to 1,800 years ago) and Late (1,800 to 1,250 years ago) sub-periods. The Hopewell culture flourished in Ohio and other parts of eastern North America during the Middle Woodland Period, possibly as early as 100 B.C. Because they now grew food that could be stored, people developed large, rounded jars used for storage. This period was also characterized by a lack of the non-local artifacts and materials that had been seen in the previous 500 years. The earliest pottery included some that were made from plant fibers that were more typical of the Archaic period. [3] It can be characterized as a chronological and cultural manifestation without any massive changes in a short time but instead having a continuous development in stone and bone tools, leather crafting, textile manufacture, cultivation, and shelter construction. People began making stone projectile points that were shorter, thinner, and more triangular so they could be attached to arrows. Fiedel, Stuart J. Until quite recently, the onset of the Woodland period was assumed to have been the time of the initial appearance of pottery vessels, the beginnings of mound ceremonialism, the emergence of sedentary village life with well-defined structures and settlements, and intensive cultivation of crops. The Eastern Woodlands cultural region covers what is now eastern Canada south of the Subarctic region, the Eastern United States, along to the Gulf of Mexico.[2]. In the classification of archaeological cultures of North America, the Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures spanned a period from roughly 1000 BCE to European contact in the eastern part of North America, with some archaeologists distinguishing the Mississippian period, from 1000 CE to European contact as a separate period. During this time, people widely adopted horticulture, pottery-making, the bow and arrow, and complex ceremonies surrounding death and burial. During the Altithermal, Archaic peoples dug wells to stay alive in the … This type included a round body, and lines of decoration with cross-etching on rim. EVIDENCE FOR STEPPED PYRAMIDS OF SHELL IN THE WOODLAND PERIOD OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA Thomas J. Pluckhahn, Victor D. Thompson, and W. Jack Rink Antiquarians of the nineteenth century referred to the largest monumental constructions in eastern North America as pyramids, but this usage faded among archaeologists by the mid-twentieth century. (1992). Hopewell Culture – 100 BC – 500 AD. Although pottery, horticulture, and earthen mounds were familiar to some people who lived during the Archaic period, after about 1000 BC such innovations became widespread across Eastern North America. Our cookies are delicious. Over most of this area these cultures were replaced by the Mississippian culture (q.v.) As the Woodland period progressed, local and inter-regional trade of exotic materials greatly increased to the point where a trade network covered most of the Eastern Woodlands. The Early Woodland period continued many trends that began during the Late Archaic period, including extensive mound-building, regional distinctive burial complexes, the trade of exotic goods across a large area of North America, the reliance on both wild and domesticated plant foods, and a mobile subsistence strategy in which small groups took advantage of seasonally available resources such as nuts, fish, shellfish, and wild plants. Ritchie, W. A. The large area of interaction is indicated by the presence of Adena-style mounds, the presence of exotic goods from other parts of the interaction spheres, and the participation in the "Early Woodland Burial Complex" defined by William Ritchie [5], Pottery was widely manufactured and sometimes traded, particularly in the Eastern Interior region. Pottery was most often decorated with a variety of linear or paddle stamps that created "dentate" (tooth-like) impressions, wavy line impressions, checked surfaces, or fabric-impressed surfaces, but some pots were incised with herringbone and other geometric patterns or, more rarely, with pictorial imagery such as faces. The decline in ceremonialism may indicate the development of a new form of religion that focused on a reverence for the ancestors of certain lineages. People like the Pueblo people settled down more in permanent villages and towns. Historic Occupation I. They did so, however, by cultivating starchy seeds rather than by gathering more acorns." Woodland Period The Woodland period is a label used by archaeologists to designate pre-Columbian Native American occupations dating between roughly 600 BC and AD 1000 … The oldest mound associated with the Woodland period was the mortuary mound and pond complex at the Fort Center site in Glade County, Florida. The Late Woodland period began about AD 500 and lasted about 500 years, until AD 1000. In fact, it appears that hunting and gathering continued as the basic subsistence economy and that subsistence horticulture/agriculture did not occur in much of the Southeast for a couple of thousand years after the introduction of pottery, and in parts of the Northeast, horticulture was never practiced. The most remarkable aspect of Middle Woodland culture is the development of the Hopewell Culture.which was characterized by large, geometric earthworks and conical mounds that contained elaborate tombs with many exotic grave offerings including jewelry and art pieces made of copper, mica, obsidian, and ocean shells, as well as long, stemless, stone projectile points. National Park Service 16, 6561–6566, Behm, Jeffrey (2007 March) Middle Woodland. "Initial formation of an indigenous crop complex "Recent Discoveries Suggesting an Early Woodland Burial Cult in the Northeast". The Woodland Period -- an archaeologically-designated period -- generally marks the appearance of pottery, cultivated plants, settled village life and mound building on the North American Continent. Early Woodland Period (1000–1 BCE) The archaeological record suggests that humans in the Eastern Woodlands of North America were collecting plants from the wild by 6,000 BCE and gradually modifying them by selective collection and cultivation. Historic Occupation II. Due to the similarity of earthworks and burial goods, researchers assume a common body of religious practice and cultural interaction existed throughout the entire region (referred to as the "Hopewellian Interaction Sphere"). Mason, Ronald J. [9] Nevertheless, these early sites were typical Archaic settlements, differing only in the use of basic ceramic technology. in … United States Department of Agriculture The people of this era lived in small bands of related families, who shared a base camp most of the year. Dalton Period – 8500-7900 BC. Most of these are evident in the Southeastern Woodlands by 1000 BCE. The Center for American Archeology specializes in Middle Woodland culture. These were quite large and corner-notched. This is especially true for the middle woodland period and perhaps beyond. Stage classification. Wikipedia, Your email address will not be published. ", PNAS, vol. Mounds of North America Mound Builder is a general term referring to the Native North American peoples who constructed various styles of earthen mounds for burial, residential, and ceremonial purposes. As such, researchers are now redefining the period to begin with not only pottery, but the appearance of permanent settlements, elaborate burial practices, intensive collection and/or horticulture of starchy seed plants (see Eastern Agricultural Complex), differentiation in social organization, and specialized activities, among other factors. The bow and arrow made hunting less of a communal activity than it had been in the past, and individual families became more self-sufficient. As populations grew, people began to settle into larger villages and roup territories became more defined. Oshkosh, WI, List of archaeological periods (Mesoamerica), "The Woodland Period (ca. The Middle Woodland period, lasting from about 200 BC to 600 AD, is marked by changes in settlement and subsistence patterns as populations increased and people began to spread into other areas to take advantage of diverse food resources. in parts of the region.[12]. Pots were usually made in a conoidal or conical jar with rounded shoulders, slightly constricted necks, and flaring rims. Furthermore, despite the widespread adoption of the bow and arrow during this time, the peoples of a few areas appear never to have made the change. This period is variously considered a developmental stage, a time period, a suite of technological adaptations or "traits", and a "family tree" of cultures related to earlier Archaic cultures. Archaic Advances . Coastal peoples practiced seasonal mobility, moving to the coast during the summer to take advantage of numerous marine resources such as sea mammals and shellfish, then moved to interior locations during the winter where access to deer, bear, and anadromous fish such as salmon could see them through the winter. Additionally, the mound centers expanded their functions from places of burial to places where civic and ceremonial functions occurred. C. Margaret Scarry states "in the Woodland periods, people diversified their use of plant foods ... [they] increased their consumption of starchy foods. Within this era, the classification is further divided into three more periods based on changes in the way people lived, including their settlement patterns, trading activities, subsistence, the tools they used, and mortuary practices. Native American - Native American - Eastern Woodland cultures: Outside of the Southwest, Northern America’s early agriculturists are typically referred to as Woodland cultures. Likely as a result of these regional gatherings, pottery from different places developed widespread similarities in form and decoration. Although many of the Middle Woodland cultures are called "Hopewellian", and groups shared ceremonial practices, archeologists have identified the development of distinctly separate cultures during the Middle Woodland period. The most cited technological distinction of this period was the widespread use of pottery (although pottery manufacture had arisen during the Archaic period in some places), and the diversification of pottery forms, decorations, and manufacturing practices. By the beginning of the Woodland period, climatic conditions had reached an approximation of the modern-day climate. Many of the groups of North America became agriculturalists, relying primarily on the Mesoamerican triad of corn, beans, and squash. (1955). Recently evidence has accumulated a greater reliance on woodland peoples on cultivation in this period, at least in some localities, than has historically been recognized. Woodland Period – 3,000 BC to 1000 AD. The Hopewell culture first developed in what is now the Ohio Valley and other parts of the Midwest and gradually spread southward. Woodland period. These included Archaic, and Woodland period, and Mississippian period … In North America, recognition of the ecological benefits of prescribed burning was slow in coming and varied geographically. Examples include the Armstrong culture, Copena culture, Crab Orchard culture, Fourche Maline culture, the Goodall Focus, the Havana Hopewell culture, the Kansas City Hopewell, the Marksville culture, and the Swift Creek culture. Clay for pottery was typically tempered (mixed with non-clay additives) with grit (crushed rock) or limestone. The Far Northeast, the Sub-Arctic, and the Northwest/Plains regions widely adopted pottery somewhat later, about 200 BCE. to 400 A.D., is perhaps best known in the Ohio River Valley as the era during which the Hopewell culture flourished. (1970). They divided the archaeological record in the Americas into 5 phases, only three of which applied to North America. 2012 excavations and dating by Thompson and Pluckhahn show that work began around 2600 BCE, seven centuries before the mound-builders in Ohio. We do not know what these people might have called themselves. The Woodland period is a label used by archaeologists to designate pre-Columbian Native American occupations dating between roughly 500 BC and AD 1100 … [13] The most archaeologically certifiable sites of burial during this time were in Illinois and Ohio. One of the early periods was the Eastern Woodland period (800-200 BCE) which led to the mound emergence and when the Middle Woodland period (c. 200 BCE- AD 400) started, the mounds became more significant for ritual and spiritual meaning … In most areas construction of burial mounds decreased drastically, as well as long-distance trade in exotic materials. People tended to settle along rivers and lakes in both coastal and interior regions for maximum access to food resources. Despite the apparent reduction of inter-regional exchange, the Late Woodland period was a time of important cultural changes, including the appearance of the bow and arrow in about around AD 700. Woodland Period by Dean Quigley, National Park Service. Examples include the Baytown, Troyville and Coles Creek cultures of Louisiana, the Alachua and Weeden Island cultures of Florida, and the Plum Bayou culture of Arkansas and Missouri. Various types of pottery were made including bowls, jars, and serving, storage. 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