Repeatedly arrested, he underwent several internal exiles. [436] These purges replaced most of the party's old guard with younger officials who did not remember a time before Stalin's leadership and who were regarded as more personally loyal to him. However, Chiang quickly reversed the tables in the Shanghai massacre of April 1927 by massacring the Communist Party in Shanghai midway through the Northern Expedition.[16][17]. [333], Armed peasant uprisings against dekulakisation and collectivisation broke out in Ukraine, northern Caucasus, southern Russia, and central Asia, reaching their apex in March 1930; these were suppressed by the Red Army. [733] Throughout his life, he used various nicknames and pseudonyms, including "Koba", "Soselo", and "Ivanov",[734] adopting "Stalin" in 1912; it was based on the Russian word for "steel" and has often been translated as "Man of Steel". S ecretary Stalin was made General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1922. [40] Stalin devoted himself to Marx's socio-political theory, Marxism,[41] which was then on the rise in Georgia, one of various forms of socialism opposed to the empire's governing tsarist authorities. [652] He was moved onto a couch and remained there for three days. [674] A mass amnesty for those imprisoned for non-political crimes was issued, halving the country's inmate population, while the state security and Gulag systems were reformed, with torture being banned in April 1953. [507] That year, Hitler shifted his primary goal from an overall victory on the Eastern Front, to the goal of securing the oil fields in the southern Soviet Union crucial to a long-term German war effort. [919] After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the first President of the new Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin, continued Gorbachev's denunciation of Stalin but added to it a denunciation of Lenin. [344] The last elements of workers' control over industry were removed, with factory managers increasing their authority and receiving privileges and perks;[345] Stalin defended wage disparity by pointing to Marx's argument that it was necessary during the lower stages of socialism. [245] The Georgian Communist Party opposed the idea, resulting in the Georgian affair. [709] Although retaining the Marxist belief that the state would wither away as socialism transformed into pure communism, he believed that the Soviet state would remain until the final defeat of international capitalism. [703] He read about, and admired, two Tsars in particular: Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great. But for Stalin – unlike for the hundreds of thousands of Soviet people killed during the Great Purges of the 1930s – the future was brighter than ever. [231] Stalin had cautioned against this; he believed that nationalism would lead the Polish working-classes to support their government's war effort. [174] Bolshevik militia seized Petrograd's electric power station, main post office, state bank, telephone exchange, and several bridges. [37] Yezhov eventually suffered a nervous breakdown and resigned as NKVD chief on 23 November 1938. [563] He was quoted in Pravda on a daily basis and pictures of him remained pervasive on the walls of workplaces and homes. [627] Stalin wanted to avoid direct Soviet conflict with the U.S., convincing the Chinese to aid the North. [317] At his command, grain procurement squads surfaced across Western Siberia and the Urals, with violence breaking out between these squads and the peasantry. [658] Beria has been suspected of murder, although no firm evidence has ever appeared. [159] Stalin was in the city when the February Revolution took place; uprisings broke out in Petrograd—as Saint Petersburg had been renamed—and Tsar Nicholas II abdicated to escape being violently overthrown. [28] In April 1935, Kamenev's prison sentence was increased by another 5 years, to a total of 10 years imprisonment. [321] Large numbers died during the journey. [238] Stalin felt disgraced and increased his antipathy toward Trotsky. Joseph Stalin was a Georgian born student radical who became a member and eventually became leader of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. [359] He oversaw the proliferation of schools, newspapers, and libraries, as well as the advancement of literacy and numeracy. [492] With Order No. [644], From 1946 until his death, Stalin only gave three public speeches, two of which lasted only a few minutes. [123] The new newspaper was launched in April 1912,[124] although Stalin's role as editor was kept secret. [775] He acknowledged that he could be rude and insulting,[776] but he rarely raised his voice in anger;[777] as his health deteriorated in later life he became increasingly unpredictable and bad tempered. [215] He returned to Moscow between January and March 1919,[216] before being assigned to the Western Front at Petrograd. At the Fourteenth Party Congress in December 1925, Stalin openly attacked Kamenev and Zinoviev, revealing that they had asked for his aid in expelling Trotsky from the Communist Party. [575] Capital punishment was abolished in 1947 but reinstalled in 1950. [541] The Red Army withheld assistance to Polish resistance fighters battling the Germans in the Warsaw Uprising, with Stalin believing that any victorious Polish militants could interfere with his aspirations to dominate Poland through a future Marxist government. Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev represented the intellectual "left wing," whilst Nikolai Bukharin, Mikhail Tomsky and Alexei Rykov represented the trade unionist "right wing". [927], The only part of the former Soviet Union where admiration for Stalin has remained consistently widespread is Georgia, although Georgian attitude has been very divided. Although Zinoviev and Kamenev were disconcerted by Stalin's power and some of his policies, they needed Stalin's help in opposing Trotsky's faction and to prevent Trotsky's possible succession to Lenin in a power struggle. [322] By July 1930, over 320,000 households had been affected by the de-kulakisation policy. [877] According to Kotkin, Stalin "built a personal dictatorship within the Bolshevik dictatorship. [604] Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin[f] (born Ioseb Besarionis dzе Jughashvili, 18 December [O.S. [740] By 1907, he grew his hair long and often wore a beard; for clothing, he often wore a traditional Georgian chokha or a red satin shirt with a grey coat and black fedora. [556] Various East European communists also visited Stalin in Moscow. [33] As he grew older, Stalin lost interest in priestly studies, his grades dropped,[34] and he was repeatedly confined to a cell for his rebellious behaviour. [253], — Lenin's Testament, 4 January 1923;[254] this was possibly composed by Krupskaya rather than Lenin himself. [409] Stalin took a strong personal involvement in the Spanish situation. [691] During the period of his revolutionary activity, Stalin regarded some of Lenin's views and actions as being the self-indulgent activities of a spoiled émigré, deeming them counterproductive for those Bolshevik activists based within the Russian Empire itself. Stalin was now the autocratic ruler of the entire Soviet Union. During this phase, Stalin instead joined forces with the "right" of the Bolshevik Party. [173] In the early hours of 25 October, Stalin joined Lenin in a Central Committee meeting in the Smolny Institute, from where the Bolshevik coup—the October Revolution—was directed. [594], The US began pushing its interests on every continent, acquiring air force bases in Africa and Asia and ensuring pro-U.S. regimes took power across Latin America. The Term Paper on Stalin’s Rise to Power. [191] Unlike senior Bolsheviks like Kamenev and Nikolai Bukharin, Stalin never expressed concern about the rapid growth and expansion of the Cheka and Red Terror. [49] They attempted to arrest him in March 1901, but he escaped and went into hiding,[50] living off the donations of friends and sympathisers. On 7 November 1927, on the tenth anniversary of the October Revolution, the United Opposition held a demonstration in Red Square, Moscow, along with Vladimir Lenin's widow, Nadezhda Krupskaya. [645] The amount of written material that he produced also declined. However, Stalin knew that Bukharin's repentance was insincere, as in private Bukharin continued to criticize Stalin and seek out other opponents of Stalin (the NKVD wiretapped Bukharin's telephone). Stalin's agricultural policies were also criticized by fellow Politburo member Mikhail Kalinin. [90] Lenin and Stalin disagreed with this decision[91] and later privately discussed how they could continue the robberies for the Bolshevik cause. [527] There, Stalin and Roosevelt got on well, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the British Empire. [351] From 1929 to 1930, further show trials were held to intimidate opposition:[352] these included the Industrial Party Trial, Menshevik Trial, and Metro-Vickers Trial. [124], In May 1912, he was arrested again and imprisoned in the Shpalerhy Prison, before being sentenced to three years exile in Siberia. A 2012 survey commissioned by the Carnegie Endowment found 38% of Armenians concurring that their country "will always have need of a leader like Stalin. Plans were made for the Soviet government to evacuate to Kuibyshev, although Stalin decided to remain in Moscow, believing his flight would damage troop morale. Robert Service. Mussolini in Italy, Stalin in Russia, Franco in Spain, Tōjō in Japan and Hitler in Germany – all presided over harsh, brutal regimes. Conversely, his totalitarian government has been widely condemned for overseeing mass repressions, ethnic cleansing, deportations, hundreds of thousands of executions, and famines that killed millions. [460] A week later, Germany invaded Poland, sparking the UK and France to declare war on Germany. [739], During his youth, Stalin cultivated a scruffy appearance in rejection of middle-class aesthetic values. Knight, Ami W. (1991), Beria and the Cult of Stalin: Rewriting Transcaucasian Party History. [928] A number of Georgians resent criticism of Stalin, the most famous figure from their nation's modern history. He was like the Lebron James of murderous revolutionary politics. He appointed Yezhov Commissar of Water Transport in April 1938 (a similar thing had happened to Yezhov's predecessor, Yagoda, shortly before he was fired). In 1928 Stalin abandoned Lenin’s quasi-capitalist New Economic Policy in favour of headlong state-organized industrialization under a succession of five-year plans. [82] They launched attacks on the government's Cossack troops and pro-Tsarist Black Hundreds,[83] co-ordinating some of their operations with the Menshevik militia. Frustrated by the squabbling factions within the Communist Party during what he saw as a time of crisis, Lenin convinced the Tenth Congress to pass a ban on any opposition to official Central Committee policy (the Ban on Factions, a law which Stalin would later exploit to expel his enemies). [605] He demanded that war reparations be paid by Germany and its Axis allies Hungary, Romania, and the Slovak Republic. [363] The government's anti-religious campaign was re-intensified,[364] with increased funding given to the League of Militant Atheists. Together with Bukharin, Tomsky and Rykov, Stalin could now rather easily send Zinoviev and Kamenev to Gulag (thus far just briefly), and by 1929 also Bukharin, Tomsky and Rykov found themselves played by Stalin. I therefore propose to comrades that they should devise a means of removing him from this job and should appoint to this job someone else who is distinguished from comrade Stalin in all other respects only by the single superior aspect that he should be more tolerant, more polite and more attentive towards comrades, less capricious, etc. [271] To bolster his image as a devoted Leninist, Stalin gave nine lectures at Sverdlov University on the "Foundations of Leninism", later published in book form. "[727], Stalin had a soft voice,[728] and when speaking Russian did so slowly, carefully choosing his phrasing. Whereas Lenin believed that all countries across Europe and Asia would readily unite as a single state following proletariat revolution, Stalin argued that national pride would prevent this, and that different socialist states would have to be formed; in his view, a country like Germany would not readily submit to being part of a Russian-dominated federal state. The following were equally important reasons why Stalin was able to hold onto power in the Soviet Union:* The purges and show trials* The secret police* Propaganda and the cult of personality* Stalin’s economic policies.Explain how far you agree with this statement. [355] Nationalist sentiment among ethnic minorities was suppressed. [741] From mid-1918 until his death he favoured military-style clothing, in particular long black boots, light-coloured collarless tunics, and a gun. Lenin died on 21 January 1924. [714] Stalin argued that the Jews possessed a "national character" but were not a "nation" and were thus unassimilable. [878] Dmitri Volkogonov characterised him as "one of the most powerful figures in human history. Stalin most likely exercised greater political power than any other figure in history. [248], After the civil war, workers' strikes and peasant uprisings broke out across Russia, largely in opposition to Sovnarkom's food requisitioning project; as an antidote, Lenin introduced market-oriented reforms: the New Economic Policy (NEP). [550] These events led to the Japanese surrender and the war's end. ] According to Montefiore, Stalin viewed Nations as contingent entities which a... The worst man-made famine in history [ 869 ] although intelligence agencies had warned. In 1941 November 1919, the Provisional government under Alexander Kerensky was becoming unpopular despite ending the rule of Mensheviks. 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