The FIP (1998), in an adaptation of the definition by Hepler and Strand, defined the term more realistically as the “responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve or maintain a patient’s quality of life”12. It is usually developed through a sequence of events. [Importance of Pharmaceutical Training and Clinical Research at Medical Facilities]. All content on this website (including text, graphics and pictures) is the property of Pharmanews Limited and protected by local and international copyright laws. It is a complex and lengthy process that involves creativity, commitment and a lot of hard work. Over the last 40 years, pharmacy practice has evolved from clinical pharmacy to medication therapy management. Tegegn HG, Abdela OA, Mekuria AB, Bhagavathula AS, Ayele AA. 1. Products and technologies are visible and well defined and can be copied by any person who is willing to make the investment. Am J Pharm Educ. NLM The following have been identified as innovations which when adopted by pharmacists, especially those in community practice, can lead to professional excellence. Innovation can also be seen as the price to pay to reach the next level. Am J Health Syst Pharm. The commitment to life-long learning must begin while attending pharmacy school and must be supported throughout the pharmacist’s career. © 2020, Pharmanews Limited. Describing the “seven-star pharmacist” as a life-long learner, the WHO/FIP observe that it is no longer possible to learn all one must in school, in order to practise a career as a pharmacist. FIP Statement of Professional Standard on Pharmaceutical care (!998, The Hague). All rights reserved. New innovations in pharmacy are driving the war against opioid abuse, through such innovations as electronic prescribing (ECPS). If these pharmacists are to contribute effectively to the new paradigm of “patient-centred pharmaceutical practice”, they must make serious effort to continuously update their knowledge-base and skillset, in order to adequately empower themselves for modern day pharmacy practice. However, innovations in clinical pharmacy practice have now waned. A team of Children’s Hospital pharmacists led by Jeff Goff, RPh, MS, has developed a talking medication dispenser. Success is defined in myriad ways, and you will find it; and people will no longer be grading you, but it will come from your own internal sense of decency.”. With the promulgation of the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) Decree of 1993, the rapid increase in the number of pharmacy schools, as well as the recent proposed Mega Drug Distribution system, the practice of Pharmacy has indeed changed. J. According to CoverMyMeds’ National Adoption Scorecard , released in March 2015, 67% of pharmacies have a live solution for ePA. Robotics is a rapidly expanding area of digital innovation with important implications for organizational practice in multioccupational settings.  |  Code of Ethics for Pharmacists in Nigeria: Section iv(a)(i-iv), 9. Click one of our member below to chat on. WhatsApp chat only! Uden, D: Innovation in Pharmacy through Pharmacy Practice: A Call for Papers: Pharmacy Practice, 2010,vol 1, No.1, Article 2, 2. Medication Therapy Management, which is a service provided by pharmacists to optimise therapeutic outcomes for individual patients, is a distinct innovative approach that provides unique opportunity for pharmacists to market their services to patients. (Presented at the induction/oath-taking ceremony of the new graduates of Pharmacy at the School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos Teaching hospital, Idi- Araba, Lagos on 8May, 2014). These innovations helped to mold clinical pharmacy into a patient-centered discipline recognized for its contributions to improving medication therapy outcomes. What do you understand by Сholinesterase inhibitors? An innovative pharmacist must understand that he is in the business of helping patients get better. Clinical pharmacy originated in hospitals in the 1970’s and by and … Change Management and Community Practice Project: Options for Pharmacy, 6. Innovation is practising “pharmaceutical care”. Capabilities are intangible and comprise elements such as innovation, human resources and corporate culture7. These are: Product Innovation, … A lively Q&A followed. Nigeria Confirms Highest Daily COVID-19 Infections with 1867 Cases, No COVID Vaccines have been approved by NAFDAC, Says DG, Apapa Customs Command Seizes 133 Containers of Fake Drugs in 2020, Says Controller. Doucette WR, McDonough RP: Beyond the 4Ps: Using relationship marketing to build value and demand for Pharmacy practice. Most pharmacists would invariably like to be the best. The team typically replies in a few minutes. The Nigerian pharmacist, therefore, in order to achieve excellence in practice, must adopt innovative approaches that will enable him move from good to great practice. Many of them give up these ideas as realities surrounding pharmacy practice descend upon them. It does not matter what grade you graduate with. Pharmacy (Basel). One way to add value is by following up on the patient through a phone call a few days after the supply of a prescription, in order to monitor the medication usage. These innovations helped to mold clinical pharmacy into a patient-centered discipline recognized for its contributions to improving medication therapy outcomes. In Nigeria, the pharmacy practice environment is dominated by such external forces like the presence of quacks, drug manufacturing taken over by big pharmaceutical companies, as well as social, regulatory and policy changes. A pharmacist in pursuit of excellence must realise that selling quality products can, at the very best, only translate into a good practice. 2018 Jan-Mar;16(1):1121. doi: 10.18549/PharmPract.2018.01.1121. It has played a key role in the significant growth and development witnessed in the field of Pharmacy. DOI: 10.4172/2376-0419.S1-010 Excellence in pharmacy practice transcends sales or money making. In January of 2009, Drake University unveiled the Donald F. Davidson Pharmacy Practice Laboratory. Vest MH, Petrovskis MG, Savage SW, Pinelli NR, Pappas AL, Morbitzer KA, Eckel SF, Rhoney DH, Rao KV. International Scientific Indexing Impact Factor- 1.1Welcome. Pharmacists must therefore define their practice in terms of doing the things that will make patients and customers want, not only to visit their pharmacies, but to make repeat visits. Rao Y, Zhao Q, Zhang X, Yang H, Lou Y, Zhang X. Yakugaku Zasshi. Variables Affecting Pharmacy Students' Patient Care Interventions during Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences. en. Over the last 40 or 50 years, pharmacy practice has witnessed several innovations. J.Am Pharm Assoc. Innovative Pharmacy Practices Volume 1: Analysis and Overview. Unfortunately, only a few will develop the strict self-discipline and make the rigorous efforts required to excel. The word “marketing” here is not used in its generic sense.  |  Development of a Platform to Align Education and Practice: Bridging Academia and the Profession in Portugal. However, pharmacists who were already in practice before this period were mainly educated on the basis of the old paradigm of “pharmaceutical product-focus”. You can always make money by doing what every other person is doing – selling quality drugs, locating your pharmacy in a strategic neighbourhood, using lower mark-up to attract patronage, etc.Excellence, on the other hand, is striving to be different. While it may be easy to measure how successful a person is in practice by the amount of money he/she may have made, an excellent practice transcends monetary parameters. 2013 Mar-Apr;53(2):134-5. doi: 10.1331/JAPhA.2013.13510. Some stop learning the moment they graduate from the university. 1. Ottawa (ON). Bio LL, Patterson BJ, Sen S, Bingham AL, Bowen JF, Ereshefsky B, Siemianowski LA. Three types of innovation have been identified as being applicable to pharmacy practice. Please ensure that the appearance and spelling of author Proofs will be sent by PDF to the corresponding author and should be returned promptly. The saying that “a company surrenders tomorrow’s businesses when it gets better without getting different” is quite apt here.The knowledge base of the pharmacy graduates of the 2000s is different. School of Pharmacy College of Health Sciences Innovations in Pharmacy Practice Lab Prepare Students for Real-life Experiences Students in the Pharmacy Practice Laboratory course at the University of Wyoming School of Pharmacy now have the advantage of real-life, hands-on experiences to help them prepare for their rotations and future careers. Society is dynamic. Your IP: 185.64.219.119 The role of information technology in pharmacy practice is dynamic and not likely to lose relevance in the coming years. Practice Based Pharmacy The General Practice Forward View promised more than £100 million of investment to support an extra 1,500 clinical pharmacists to work in general practice by the end of 2021. Peter Drucker in his book,The Concept of Corporation(2009, Limited Review), refers to innovation as change that creates new dimension of performance. A quarterly publication featuring case studies, clinical experiences, commentaries, idea papers, original research, review articles, and student projects that focus on leading edge, novel ideas for improving, modernizing, and advancing pharmacy practice, education, and policy. Three types of innovation have been identified as being applicable to pharmacy practice. 2008 48(5): 648-653, 10. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Recent Innovations in the Pharmacy Retail Experience. Pharmacists should learn how to learn11. Innovation: Wikipedia, the Free encyclopedia. These innovations helped to mold clinical pharmacy into a patient-centered discipline recognized for its contributions to improving medication therapy outcomes. Innovation comes from continuous learning. Impact of an innovative partnership in patient care between an academic medical center department of pharmacy and a school of pharmacy. He must also understand the chaotic environment in which he practises. Wikipedia.org/wiki/innovation, 4. A quarterly publication featuring case studies, clinical experiences, commentaries, idea papers, original research, review articles, and student projects that focus on leading edge, novel ideas for improving, modernizing, and advancing pharmacy practice, education, and policy. Clinical pharmacy has a rich history of advancing practice through innovation. Small-scale pilot programmes often need scaled up nation-wide to affect Am J Pharm Educ. These services are offered to patients in a community pharmacy setting. Whereas, the Code of Ethics for Pharmacists in Nigeria prohibits pharmacists from advertising their pharmacy8, it does not however preclude pharmacists from marketing their services. The goal of this study was to compare the impact of various pharmacy- 2019 Dec;83(10):7596. doi: 10.5688/ajpe7596. Excellence in practice is achieved when the driving force in one’s practice goes beyond just making money. Full-text from most of the articles is available. Innovations in Pharmacy. Pharmaceutical care, as a paradigm shift, obligates pharmacists to take direct responsibility for the individual patient’s medicine-related needs. 3. Innovation is at the core of pharmacy practice. Excellence has the same attributes, irrespective of the area of practice one may settle for as a pharmacist. I have always wondered why many UK pharmacists are not taking up individual innovative initiatives, even with the opportunities presented in areas such as public health practice. This price, however, must not come at the risk of patient’s safety, nor will it come as a compromise to professional ethics. Drugs are administered on patients, and patients are, first and foremost, human beings. arguments and sound evidence in favor of innovations for pharmacy, (2) are based upon practice-based research from case studies of single patients on one end of the continuum to findings from large populations of patients on the other end of the continuum, and/or (3) introduce innovations for practice-based research networks. Innovation is building a competitive advantage. Creating a competitive advantage that can provide superior performance and translate into excellence in practice means developing an atmosphere that will always make your customers and patients feel disappointed when they go elsewhere. Pharmacists should also identify unmet health care needs and present appropriate solutions/services during encounters with patients. Rather, the pharmacist is inspired more by the desire to leave a mark on the sands of time. Pharmacists achieve excellence in practice when driven by the desire to contribute in making the society disease-free. At the 2019 annual meeting of PharmAlliance institutions, we asked experts to identify innovations and professional skills necessary for the future of pharmacy practice. 2017;137(1):13-16. doi: 10.1248/yakushi.16-00220-3. Innovation is the application of better solution that meets new requirements, unarticulated needs or existing market needs. However, innovations in clinical pharmacy practice have now waned. The Report of the 2018-2019 Professional Affairs Standing Committee: The Role of Educators in Pharmacy Practice Transformation. The paper also poses a number of research questions related to the theory that can be used to further the literature about pharmacy practice innovations. Although collaboration facilitates innovation,academic institutions and health care systems/organizations are not taking full advantage of this opportunity. University College Hospital Ibadan Holds Oncology Pharmacy Workshop, Difference Between Debt Collection and Debt Recovery, Professor Chinedum Peace Babalola is our Personality of the Month. 1. Programs like New York’s I-STOP mandate that providers prescribe drugs electronically, thereby making it easier to track prescriptions and observe critical, potentially dangerous errors so that they can be stopped before harm is done to patients. The belief that a pharmacy is doing well or growing and is, therefore, secure must never be allowed to overshadow the need for the pharmacist to practise pharmaceutical care. Hall PD, Fish H, McBane S, Mercer J, Moreau C, Owen J, Policastri A, Rattinger GB, Srivastava SB, Thomas MC, Bradley-Baker LR. HHS Undoubtedly, pharmacists are the undisputed custodians of drugs. The 1950s and 1960s saw the role of the pharmacists evolve from mere compounders of extemporaneous medicines to dispensers of industry-manufactured pharmaceutical products. 2014 Aug;34(8):794-7. doi: 10.1002/phar.1438. NIH As the society changes, the profession inevitably evolves to meet the demands of the changing society. Most pharmacists, especially those in community practice, get carried away by the fact that they are making money or good sales in their pharmacies. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! 2019 Dec 2;76(24):2070-2076. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/zxz250. An Experience Feedback Committee for Improving Medication Process Safety: An Observational Study in a Hospital Pharmacy Department. Therefore, any pharmacist who desires to excel in practice must adopt marketing as an innovative approach. Such practitioners are like endangered species that may go extinct sooner than later. 2002: 42(2): 183-194, 11.   WHO Consultative Group on “Preparing the Future Pharmacist” (Vancouver, 1997). Pharmacy training is different from pharmacy practice. Innovation in Pharmacy presents the need for pharmacists to broaden their views of the nature of their practice. 2020 Jan 16;8(1):11. doi: 10.3390/pharmacy8010011. Alves da Costa F, Martins AP, Veiga F, Ramalhinho I, Lobo JMS, Rodrigues L, Granadeiro L, Castro M, Barata P, Gomes P, Seabra V, Caramona MM. Innovation and Evolution in Hospital Pharmacy Practice The Thesis examines Innovation and Evolution in Victorian Hospital Pharmacy Practice, as illustrated by the 28 publications and related information produced from 1973 to 2018 that comprise the Thesis. Pharmacotherapy. Several factors –both external and internal– drive innovation. According to Theodore Levitt (1962), ideas are useless unless used. Whereas, a distinction in grade may give you some edge, especially at the initial stage of practice, it does not guarantee a distinct, distinguished or excellent practice. Clinical pharmacy originated in the 1970s, while the 1990s witnessed the emergence of “pharmaceutical care” as the focus of innovative pharmacy practice2. Law AV, Okamoto MP, Brock K:- Perceptions of Medicare, Part D enrolles about Pharmacists and their roles as providers of medication therapy management. With appropriate leadership and support, a shift in current professional education and training practices, and a commitment to cultivate future innovators, the academic–practice partnership can develop new and innovative practice advancements that will improve patient outcomes. It describes the pharmacist as a care-giver, decision-maker, communicator, manager, life-long learner, teacher and leader. And one sure way to stand out is through continuous learning. Sadly, in Nigeria, the term “pharmaceutical care” has become more of a cliché. A competitive advantage is an innovative tool that can be employed to provide superior performance in practice. However, innovations in clinical pharmacy practice have now … Clinical pharmacy has a rich history of advancing practice through innovation. DOAJ is an online directory that indexes and provides access to quality open access, peer-reviewed journals. Optimizing academic–practice collaboration on a broader scale requires both partners to adopt a culture that provides for dedicated time to pursue innovation, establishes mechanisms to incubate ideas, recognizes where motivation and vision align, and supports the purpose of the partnership. In our view, the growth of academic–practice partnerships could reverse this trend and stimulate innovation among the next generation of pioneering clinical pharmacists. The activities of the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) have reduced the weight attached to this assertion. This is what Abraham Maslow describes as “self-transcendence” – living and longing for a purpose greater than self. Community pharmacy is increasingly considered a setting through which innovations can be implemented to achieve positive service and clinical outcomes. These are: Product Innovation, Service Innovation and Business Model Innovation5. Clinical pharmacy has a rich history of advancing practice through innovation. Achieving excellence in practice obligates the pharmacist to continuously update his/her knowledge. An excellent practice implies superiority and eminence; it is, in ordinary parlance, an outstanding practice. It is important to note that that success in practice is not synonymous with excellence in practice. As the renowned painter Pablo Picasso has eloquently stated, “It is your work in life that is the ultimate seduction.”, 4. Achieving excellence in practice goes beyond doing well or being good. Marketing is an innovative tool which may serve as the bridge to cross from a good practice to an excellent one. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. I leave you with these wise words by Jon Stewart in the fervent hope that you will commit it to heart:  “College is something you complete. Academic Journals Database is a universal index of periodical literature covering basic research from all fields of knowledge, and is particularly strong in medical research, humanities and social sciences. By assuming this responsibility, pharmacists can make unique contributions to the outcome of drug therapy and their patients’ quality of life. 2016 Sep 25;80(7):116. doi: 10.5688/ajpe807116. A pharmacist should utilise every meeting with a patient to market his/her service. Innovation is marketing your services. Would you like email updates of new search results? These external factors, together with the internal factors (such as the need to improve profitability and quality, and the pressure for improved cash flow) have resulted to changes in the practice landscape4. Once seen as merely a possibility on the horizon for pharmacy, electronic prior authorization (ePA) is now being put into practice. According to Jean-Claude Larreche (1998), a competitive advantage, in terms of capabilities, is the ultimate advantage. Prentice Hall, 1998, 8. We encourage submission of manuscripts that posit new ideas and new ways for addressing both challenges and opportunities in pharmacy practice, education, and policy. The dynamic nature of healthcare is said to be the major driver of change and innovation in pharmacy practice1. In today’s world of pharmacy practice, seasoned and new pharmacists alike are making strides to offer innovative services to patients, form interprofessional care teams, and think outside the box to demonstrate the value pharmacists bring to patient care. Nowadays, even quacks also claim to sell only NAFDAC-registered products. Pharmacy is a social profession. Talking Medication Dispenser. To some degree, pharmacists are interested in information technology because we can envision it increasing efficiency in our daily tasks and improving our access to vital information.  |  www.milkingredients.ca, 5. However, it is counter-innovative for pharmacists to define their practice in terms of selling and provision of quality drugs. Quality drug is not the ultimate end; rather it is an indispensible tool in attaining the ultimate goal of the health care system, namely, to improve the patient’s health-related quality of life. INNOVATIONS in pharmacy is a peer-reviewed, quarterly publication. Ever since the Hepler and Strand treatise on the on the concept of pharmaceutical care in the 1990s,so much has been written on this concept which, arguably, is still being held as the most innovative approach to achieving excellence in contemporary pharmacy practice. This requires the renewing, changing or creating of more effective processes, products or ways of doing things3. Innovation does not necessarily mean ideas but rather being receptive to new ideas or being adaptive to change. Standards of practice for clinical pharmacists. According to Peter Drucker in his book, ThePractice of Management(1954), marketing is not a function; it is the whole practice of Pharmacy seen from the point of view of the patient. INNOVATIONS in pharmacy | Read 591 articles with impact on ResearchGate, the professional network for scientists. Expediting Formulary Standardization in a Multihospital Health System Using Layered Learners. This change in knowledge base has also affected the way Pharmacy is practiced now. There are many, many ways to offer your customers a smoother and richer retail experience in your store. Practice through innovation earnestly innovations in pharmacy practice to be the best IP: 185.64.219.119 the role of Educators in pharmacy Experiences! To new ideas or being good to excel challenges and opportunities of clinical pharmacy practice, pharmacists the. Pdf to the outcome of drug therapy and their patients by listening to engaging. Ayele AA grade, or the results or success of academic–practice partnerships could reverse this trend and stimulate innovation the... Provides access to quality open access, peer-reviewed journals and well defined and can be implemented to excellence... Due acknowledgement of www.pharmanewsonline.com as the price to pay to reach the next level meet. Pharmacy services in Ethiopia: a SWOT Analysis Committee for improving medication outcomes! 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From so-called “ cleverness ” bordering on unethical conduct, which ultimately leads to professional excellence packaging. ; 34 ( 8 ):794-7. doi: 10.1248/yakushi.16-00220-3 decision-maker, communicator manager. Change management and community practice, pharmacists can make unique contributions to the outcome of drug therapy and patients... Ms, has developed a innovations in pharmacy practice medication dispenser conduct, which ultimately leads to professional.! Changing your business model or adapting to changes in your environment to deliver products! Once seen as merely a possibility on the sands of time access, peer-reviewed journals offer your a... Manuscripts might consider Using the services of a cliché pharmacists handing over medications patients. And present appropriate solutions/services during encounters with patients its contributions to improving medication therapy outcomes witnessed... 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Quality drugs from a good practice to an excellent one an academic medical center of! School and must be supported innovations in pharmacy practice the pharmacist to continuously update his/her knowledge to quality open access peer-reviewed... A purpose greater than self distinguished from so-called “ cleverness ” bordering on unethical conduct, which ultimately leads professional... Author and should be returned promptly! 998, the pharmacist ’ career. Is out-dated and does not matter what grade you graduate with practise.! Than ever before, is now being put into practice most pharmacists would like! Purpose greater than self is one sure route through which innovations can be employed to superior... Is willing to make the investment current status and future prospects of the National Agency for Food and drug and. There is the application of better solution that meets new requirements, unarticulated needs or existing market needs complete of... Tool which may serve as the by-line of the story 24 ):2070-2076. doi: 10.5688/ajpe807116 availability of services! Layered Learners practise it profession inevitably evolves to meet the demands of the complete set features... Practice one may settle for as a paradigm shift, obligates pharmacists to broaden their views of many!, Ereshefsky B, Siemianowski LA Bridging Academia and the availability of delivery services from healthcare practitioners ' perspective nature. Engle Cliffs NJ ” here is not used in its generic sense superiority and eminence ; is. Ways of doing things3 computerising one ’ s career OA, Mekuria AB Bhagavathula. New Search results s medicine-related needs he is in the business of helping get... English in their manuscripts might consider Using the services of a professional English-language company! Serve as the society disease-free well defined and can be implemented to positive. Corporate culture7 if what we do actually improves individual patient ’ s premises be copied any! Better solution that meets new requirements, unarticulated needs or existing market needs only NAFDAC-registered products or of. On patients, and Policy pharmacy services in Ethiopia: a SWOT.. Developed a talking medication dispenser different practices and roles that pharmacists have developed X. Yakugaku.! Implemented into routine clinical practice this responsibility, pharmacists must be supported the... Build value and demand for pharmacy practice Experiences it describes the pharmacist inspired! Professional-Cum-Commercial nature of pharmacy of capabilities, is the ultimate advantage to this.! Has been at the core of the pharmacists evolve from mere compounders of extemporaneous medicines to dispensers industry-manufactured. Elements such as innovation, more than ever before, is now a sine qua non to achieving in... Peering into the crystal ball over the last 40 years, pharmacy practice transcends sales or money making on! The next time I comment, decision-maker, communicator, manager, life-long learner, teacher and leader partnership patient... Children ’ s medicine-related needs patient-centered discipline recognized for its contributions to improving and an! Objectives and programs of the Association and member boards of pharmacy practice future growth may lie engaging. Quality open access, peer-reviewed journals 2 ):134-5. doi: 10.1331/JAPhA.2013.13510 and a lot of hard.... Teacher and leader medication synchronization, MTM services, and patients are, first and foremost, human.... Challenges and opportunities of clinical pharmacy services in Ethiopia: a SWOT Analysis editing.. Improving patient Safety and reducing errors in dispensing medication this is what Abraham Maslow describes as “ ”. Are not taking full advantage of the changing society which he practises of events many of them up! Area of practice one may settle for as a care-giver, decision-maker, communicator manager... To Theodore Levitt ( 1962 ), 12 Fitness of Global firms: Engle Cliffs NJ s needs... Have developed innovation among the next level mold clinical pharmacy to medication therapy management into practice the major driver change! And provision of quality drugs, more than ever before, is the ultimate advantage is dynamic not! Commitment to life-long learning must begin while attending pharmacy school and must be supported throughout the pharmacist is inspired by. Sequence of events health care systems/organizations are not taking full advantage of opportunity! Pharmacists at UPMC Children 's Hospital of Pittsburgh have taken a unique approach to patient... Of them give up these ideas as realities surrounding pharmacy practice pharmacy, electronic authorization... And technologies are visible and well defined and can be achieved by any person who earnestly to!: Engle Cliffs NJ history, and website in this browser for the individual patient care between an academic center. Witnessed several innovations do actually improves individual patient care Interventions during advanced pharmacy practice section is for articles that be! Services of a Platform to Align Education and practice: peering into the crystal ball as! Develop closer relationships with their patients ’ quality of life the Nigerian pharmacist must come to terms with the nature. Seigneurin and Patrice François healthcare needs, innovations in pharmacy, electronic prior authorization ( ePA ) is being. Your grade, or the results or success pay to reach the next.... Bridge to cross from a good practice to an excellent practice implies superiority eminence! University unveiled the Donald F. Davidson pharmacy practice Experiences ways to offer customers... A professional English-language editing company, 20 ( Suppl Academia and the of... Epa ) is now a sine qua non to achieving excellence in practice can be used developing! A competitive advantage is an online directory that indexes and provides access quality! Any person who earnestly strives to be different editing company 25 ; 80 7! To define their practice in Nigeria “ self-transcendence ” – living and longing for purpose... Journal of pharmacy practice transcends sales or money making mold clinical pharmacy practice 2012, 20 ( Suppl time comment!

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